2004
年真题听力原文、
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听力原文
SECTION A TALK
Language is used for doing things. People use it in everyday conversation for transacting busi
ness, planning meals and vacations, debating politics, and gossiping. Teachers use it for instructing students, and comedians use it for amusing audiences. All these are instances of language use
—
that is, activities in which people do things with language. As we can see,l
anguag
e
use is really a form
of
joint actions. (QI)
What is a joint action? 1 think it is an action that is carried out by a group of people doing things in coordination with each other. As simple examples
:
think of two people waltzing, or playing a pian- o duet. When two dancers waltz, they each move around the ballroom in a special way. Bui waltzing is different from the sum of their individual actions. Can you imagine these two dancers doing the same steps, but in separate rooms, or at separate time%? S
a waltzing is, in
,
the joint actio
n that
emerges
hs
the two d
a
ncers do their individual steps in (grd
in
aticn, as a couple. (QI )
Similarly, doing things with hing
uag
c is also different from the sum of the spea
k
er's speaking and the listener's listening, It is the joinl action that emerges when speakers and listeners, or writers and readers, perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles. (QI ) Therefore, we enn say that
lang
uage use incorporates both individual and social processes. (Q2)
Speakers and listeners, writers and readers, must carry out actions as individuals, if they are to succeed in lheir use of lan
guage. But they must also work together as participants in the social units I have called ensembles. In the example I mentioned just now, the two dancers perform both individual actions, moving their bodies, arms, and legs, and joint actions, coordinating these movements, as they create the waltz. In the past, language use has been studied as if it were entirely an individual process. And il has al
so been studied as if it were entirely a social process. For me, I suggest that it belongs to both. We cannot hope to understand language use without viewing it as joint actions built on individual actions. In order to explain how all these actions work, I'd like to review briefly settings of language use. By settings, 1 mean the scene in which language use takes place, plus the medium
—
which refere to whether language use is spoken or written. And in this talk, 111 focus on spoken settings.
The spoken setting mentioned most often is conversation
—
either face to face, or on the tele
phone. Conversations may be devoted to gossip, business transactions or scientific matters, but they
're &11 char
act
erized by the free exch
an
ge of turns
among t
he two or more participants. ( Q3)
I'll call these personal settings. Then we have what I would call nonpersonal settings. A typical example is the monologue. In monologues, one person speaks with
little or no opportun
it
y fbr int
e
miptim
i,
or lums by membcni of the audience. ( Q3 )
Monologues come in many varieties too, as when a professor lectures to a class, or a student gives a presentation to a seminar. These people speak for them
selves ,uttering words they formulated themselves for the audience before them, and the audience isn't expected to interrupt. In another kind of setting, which is called institutional settings, the par
ticipants engage in speech exchanges that look like onlinary conversations, but they are limited by -207-
Ki
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inslitutiorial rules. As examples, we can think of a government o lawyer cross-questioning a witness in court, or a professor direct settings, what is said is more or less spontaneous, even though turns oi speaking
leader, or are restricted in other ways.
The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed. We have the
clearest examples in Gctional settings. Vivian l^igh plays Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind”.
Frank Loesser sing
2004答案解析.docx
